Fatvat

In my previous post, I looked at the Shunting Yard algorithm and implemented a *really* bad version which required you to escape parenthesis. Not very Lispy!

The code below makes a very small change which converts nested expressions (via lists) into RPN.

(defn shunting-yard
  ([expr] 
     (shunting-yard expr []))
  ([expr stack]
     (if (empty? expr)
       stack
       (let [token (first expr)
             remainder (rest expr)]
         (cond
           (number? token) (lazy-seq
                             (cons token (shunting-yard remainder stack)))

           (operator? token) (if (operator? (first stack))
                               (let [stackfn (partial op-compare token)]
                                 (lazy-seq
                                   (concat (take-while stackfn stack)
                                           (shunting-yard remainder
                                                          (cons token
                                                                (drop-while stackfn stack))))))
                               (shunting-yard remainder (cons token stack)))
           
           (sequential? token) (lazy-seq
                                 (concat (shunting-yard token) (shunting-yard remainder stack)))
           
           :else (assert false))))))

This is much nicer as now, as the tests below show, you can write expressions in a more natural way.

(deftest test-shuntingyard

  ;; Basic operators defined
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [100 + 200])) '(100 200 +)))
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [100 * 200])) '(100 200 *)))
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [100 / 200])) '(100 200 /)))
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [100 - 200])) '(100 200 -)))

  ;; Test some precedence rules
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [100 * 200 + 300])) '(100 200 * 300 +)))
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [100 + 200 * 300])) '(100 200 300 * +)))

  ;; Redundant Parenthesis
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [[[[1 + 1]]]] '(1 1 +)))))
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [1 + [1]] '(1 1 +)))))
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [[1] + [1]] '(1 1 +)))))

  ;; Bracketing of expressions
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [[1 + 2 + 3] + 4])) '(1 2 + 3 + 4 +))) 
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [[1 + 2 * 3] + 4])) '(1 2 3 * + 4 +)))
  (is (= (pretty-print (shunting-yard [[4 + 5] / [7 - 8]])) '(4 5 + 7 8 - /))))

I was thinking (as was Mark) that I could write a macro in order to simplify writing expressions. The idea would be to write something to convert infix to prefix (rather than postfix as here).

On a slight tangent, in other Lisps, you can write a reader macro which would allow you to annotate an expression with a symbol that your reader would use to convert into the appropriate form. Clojure doesn't allow reader macros (there's a discussion here [see around 19:00] as to the reasons why).

Before we write this as a macro, we'll first need an evaluator loop. This is dead simple and just involves (again) a stack. This is a very basic version that assumes all operators have arity 2.

(defn rpn-evaluator
  ([expr]
     (rpn-evaluator expr []))
  ([expr stack]
     (if (empty? expr)
       (if (= 1 (count stack))
         (first stack)
         (assert false)) ;; unbalanced
       (let [f (first expr)]
         (cond
   
           (number? f) (recur (rest expr) (cons f stack))
           
           ;; Should look up arity of operator!
           (operator? f) (recur (rest expr) 
                                (cons
                                 (f (second stack) (first stack))
                                 (drop 2 stack))))))))

Having written this code, what does it buy me to write it as a macro? Not much! A macro is simply a translation of some source code to another lump of source code. In this case I'm better off writing a simple function, such as (def infix (comp rpn-evaluator shunting-yard)) to get the job done. The main point is that the macro doesn't have access to the values in the expression (unless they are constant). If the code was (infix [a + b]) then the macro can not evaluation a and b because the values will not be known at macro expansion time.

The one use of the macro that I can see would be for constant folding which I'm sure already occurs as part of the compilation process!

Programming Clojure gives a taxonomy of macros as:

• Conditional Evaluation
  
• Defining vars
  
• Java interop
  
• Postponing evaluation
  
• Wrapping evaluation
  
• Avoiding a lambda
  

None of these seem appropriate here to me, so I *think* writing it as a function is the right way to do it. I need to read On Lisp again since I think my macro understanding is a little off.

Labels: clojure, macro